Example of how to format footnotes in square brackets. Formatting footnotes. Quoting may be

By purpose of quotation can be roughly divided into:

• quotes followed by the author's interpretation;
• quotes given as confirmation or addition to the author’s own reasoning.

Quoting can be:

• direct, when the text is reproduced verbatim and a specific source page is indicated;
• indirect, when the author's idea is not given verbatim. In this case, before the link to the document, put See:...

General rules for formatting quotations.

• Quotes must exactly match the text of the original source.
• The quotation is in quotation marks.
• If it is necessary to omit a number of words in a quoted sentence, the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, and when whole sentences are omitted, an ellipsis is used, enclosed in angle brackets.
• All personal additions and explanations are separated from the test quotations by straight or angular brackets.
• For each quotation, a footnote is provided containing the exact name of the source, its author, and preferably the page on which the text of the quotation is located in the original source.

Formatting links when quoting directly

There are two types of design of bibliographic references.

• Design of footnotes at the bottom of the page (page-by-page). In this case, bibliographic information about the cited source is located on the same page as the quotation. At the end of the quotation, put a number that indicates the serial number of the footnote on this page (or the serial number of the footnote in the work in the case of continuous numbering).

At the bottom of the page, after a shortened horizontal line, this number is repeated, followed by bibliographic information about the source. Often it is also necessary to indicate the cited page number.

For footnotes, a smaller font size is used than in the text of the work.

An example of a footnote:

When quoting the same source again on the same page, instead of full information about the source, indicate: “Ibid. And the number of the cited page"

An example of a footnote:

• Making footnotes at the end of the work (endnotes). Immediately after the quotation, in square (sometimes round) brackets, indicate the serial number of the cited source in the list of references and, if required, the number of the cited page.

At the end of the work, in which, under the corresponding number, full bibliographic information about the source is given.

Formatting links for indirect quoting

Possible retelling gleaned from a source of information in your own words. In this case, at the end of the presentation it is indicated from which source the information is provided.

Features of the design of references in coursework, abstracts, diplomas and dissertations

In coursework, essays and dissertations, reference design depends on the requirements of the university. They are formatted as a footnote at the bottom of the page (page-wise) or at the end of the work (endnote).

In candidate and doctoral dissertationslinks are issued in the text in square brackets indicating the serial number of the source in the list of references.

In different types of scientific research works (reports, abstracts, essays, dissertations, etc.) they resort to citation. Therefore, the correct formatting of footnotes (according to GOST 2017 we analyze an example in this material) always remains a pressing issue.

This is a painstaking task, takes a lot of time and requires certain knowledge. Entrust its implementation to our experienced authors if you are not sure about something. With us - quickly and to the required standards!

Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - example in diploma dissertations

The text of the dissertation may include:

• footnotes, marked with quotation marks and a reference index to the source with the exact imprint;
• footnotes, retold in your own words (without quotes), but indexed, with an exact indication of the source.

In this type of work, footnotes are most often placed in square brackets. If the bibliographic list is compiled as references to sources appear in the text block, then the surname and initials of the author and other output data are indicated in brackets. For example: “...in the work on the psychology of color it was noted...”. If information is used from sources with a large number of pages, then in the inline footnote (aka link) it is necessary to accurately indicate the numbers of pages, tables, formulas, etc. from the source to which the link was given.

Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - an example in dissertations

There are some differences in the formatting of references in an abstract and a dissertation. Thus, bibliographic references in the abstract are given in round brackets, indicating the author’s name and the year of publication. For example: (Kononov, 2013).

In dissertations, footnotes are formatted in square brackets indicating the serial number of the source in the list of references and the corresponding page. For example: .

Dissertation papers often use footnotes at the bottom of the same page where the cited information is provided. In this case, in footnotes to books or scientific articles published in collections of scientific works, periodicals, etc., the name of the author and the title of the work, place, name of the publication, year, issue number of the scientific collection or journal, page, page must be indicated. which the information provided is posted.

In the text of the work, a footnote is indicated by a superscript footnote (Word has this option). The footnotes themselves are located at the bottom of the page with a paragraph, separated to the left of the main text by a thin line, they use Times New Roman, font 10, single spacing, Arabic numerals. For each page there is a separate numbering of footnotes.

It is recommended to make footnotes in the main text to your own scientific publications (if any). When referring to sections, subsections, etc. indicate their numbers. In this case, you should write: “in section 2...”, “see 3.2”.

Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - example text

Let's look at a few examples of footnote design.

Example #1:

• Yalbulganova D.S. Financial control: legal regulation. M., 2013. P. 83.
• Yalbulganova D.S. Decree. op. P. 90.
• Yalbulganova D.S. Right there. P. 90.

Thus, if the same work is cited in a row, use the words “Ibid.” (in the foreign version - “Ibid.”), “Decree. Op." (“Op. cit.” in foreign), which means “the said work.”

Technical points

When creating a footnote, you need to sequentially perform the following operations on the computer: Insert → Footnote → Normal → Bottom of the page → Number format 1,2,3... → Start from each page (or Menu tab “Links” → Insert footnote). Now throughout the text of the work, footnotes will be located exactly on the page where our quotation is located.

Footnotes in the work are page-by-page, that is, they are formed at the bottom of the sheet with separate numbering on each sheet or continuous numbering. The same formatting rules apply to footnotes as to bibliographies, with the only difference being that the page from which the information was taken is indicated. In the case of material taken from two pages, double values ​​are entered through spaces and hyphens (the rule for assigning pages to periodicals).

If the footnote refers to material taken from the Internet, then the full Internet path to this material is indicated.

The main text of the footnote is typed in Times New Roman font with a regular style and font size 10, with single line spacing. Align font width.

The footnote sign is written together with the last letter of the last word in the sentence. The punctuation mark is placed after the footnote, also in conjunction with it.

For example: N.V. Samarina in her article analyzes the sociocultural basis of the relationship between the state and society 1 .

If on one page of text a repeated reference follows the primary reference to the same document (source), then the bibliographic description is replaced with the words “Ibid” and the page number is indicated.

For example:

1 Legal communication. Statement of the problem / Ed. L.S. Mamuta. M.: Yurlitinform. 2012. P.45.

2 Ibid. P. 58.

For example:

1 Marchenko M.N. Decree. op. P. 98.

If several references are given in a row to different works of the same authors, then in the second and subsequent references the names of the authors may be replaced with the words “He”, “She”, “They”, “His”, “Her” , “Theirs.”

For example:

O. Shilokhvost, believing that the contracts provided for in part four of the Code can be built both on the model of a consensual and on the model of a real contract, nevertheless points out that “the optimal model should be considered a consensual contract 1 .

1 See about this: Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part four (article-by-article) / Rep. ed. L.A. Trakhtengerts. M.: Law firm "CONTRACT", Infra-M, 2009. P. 45.

1 For more information about the autonomization of social norms and their features in primitive society, see: Murashko L. O. Initial types of social normativity // Journal of Russian Law. 2002. No. 2. pp. 83–95.

Citation in the text of the work can be either direct or indirect. When quoting directly you present the author’s thought (opinion) without changes and in quotation marks, while in the footnote after the number there is immediately a description of the publication.

For example:

The well-known legal scholar Yu. A. Krokhina gives the following definition of the concept of control: “Control is a legal construct designed to ensure strict and strict execution of laws, compliance with legal discipline by state authorities, local governments, individuals and legal entities 2.”

2 Financial law of Russia: textbook. A common part. / Yu. A. Krokhina. M.: Norma, 2008. P.135.

1 Tishaev B.B. Basic approaches to the classification of the economic and legal status of an individual // History of State and Law. 2008. No. 18. P.15.

When quoting indirectly you are retelling the author’s thoughts in your own words (that is, you are not using an exact quote), in this case quotation marks are not placed in the text, and in the footnote before the description of the publication “See:”, “See. more details:" etc..

For example:

O. Shilokhvost, believing that the contracts provided for in part four of the Code can be built both on the model of a consensual and on the model of a real contract, nevertheless indicates that the optimal model should be considered a consensual contract 1 .

1 See: Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part four (article-by-article) / Rep. ed. L.A. Trakhtengerts. M.: Law firm "CONTRACT", Infra-M, 2009. P. 45.

Social norms as generally accepted forms of behavior arose at the dawn of human society, and regulate a wide range of relationships that arise in the process of implementing political, socio-cultural tasks facing society or an individual 1 .

1 See, for more details: Murashko L. O. Initial types of social normativity // Journal of Russian Law. 2002. No. 2. pp. 83–95.

If you are making a reference to normative legal act , then the first time it is mentioned in the text, a link to the full output data of the document is required; in the future, if you again refer to the specified normative act, an additional link is not required.

For example:

For all forms of education within a specific basic general education or basic professional educational program, the uniform federal state educational standard or federal state requirements apply 1.

1 Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ (as amended on July 21, 2014) “On Education in the Russian Federation” // Official Internet portal of legal information http://www.pravo.gov.ru. 12/30/2012

In order to pass the coursework with “excellence,” a student needs not only to be able to correctly present the material being studied, but also to know how to properly format it and present it for public viewing. In this article I would like to talk about how to make a footnote in a coursework.

What it is?

First of all, you need to define the concepts, because often students cannot say exactly what this or that term means. A footnote is an indication by the student of the source from which the quotation presented in the text was taken. It may also be some kind of brief explanation of a certain section of the text, which may not be clear to the reader.

Where to look?

Some students may have a question about where they can find out how to do this, for this you need to turn to GOST 7.1-200 for help. However, it will be important that it was compiled quite a long time ago and has also been in effect for a long time. That is why today in this document you can not find all the answers to the questions needed in this situation. So what to do in such a situation? For rules for preparing coursework, including references, you need to contact the department, the methodologist. He must provide all the necessary information. Often, for this purpose, there are also teaching aids specially prepared by the department, which contain all the necessary answers to questions posed by students regarding the formatting of written scientific works.

About the types

It is worth saying that there are two types of footnotes in coursework. An example of this can be seen in any scientific work.

1. Interlinear. They must be placed on the same page (at the very bottom and under the special line) where the quote is placed. At the end of the quote itself there is a small number (placed as a sign of a power of a number - slightly above the line).
2. Inline. Placed immediately after the quote in the middle of the brackets there will be numbers that indicate the source number (from the list of references) and the page(s) where the quote was taken.

Footnote

So, how do you make a footnote in a term paper? First, I would like to deal with footnotes, since the process of compiling them is more complex from the point of view of working on a computer. Design rules:

1. The footnote number is placed after the quotation, but before the period and closed quotation marks.
2. The footnote number is smaller than the main text and is placed in the upper right corner above the last letter of the quotation.

How to do it on a computer

Let's look further at how to make a footnote in a term paper. Now it’s worth considering how all this can be done in MS Word on a computer. So, to do this, the cursor needs to be placed at the end of the last word of the quote, but before the period. Next, on the toolbar, which is located at the top of the screen, you need to find the “Insert” item, then select the “Links and Footnotes” function. The footnote format is already selected there; you also need to check the “Numbering on each page” item. This way, the footnotes on each page will begin with one and will only be relevant on that sheet of paper.

What does it look like

So what would a citation that requires a footnote look like? Example: “Once upon a time there lived a grandfather and a woman, they had a chicken Ryaba 1.” After the one is set according to all the rules, a line automatically appears at the bottom of the page, under which, next to the number “1”, you can indicate the source from which the quotation was taken.

In-text footnotes

Do not forget that a footnote in a course work can also be intratextual. It must be said that such a footnote is easier to create, but finding information on it is not so convenient. How does she look? So, it is placed immediately after the quote in square brackets. Inside the brackets there will be certain numbers that will be written separated by semicolons. First, the number of the source from which the quotation was taken (from the provided list of references) will be indicated, then after the semicolon - the page. One page or several may be specified. Also, next to the last digit there may be a letter “s.”, which will mean “page(s)”.

Main difficulties

If the coursework rules require inline footnotes, you need to remember a few nuances:

1. Their font is the same as the main text (Times New Roman, size 14 is the standard).
2. It is imperative to monitor changes in the bibliography (especially if footnotes are drawn up before the bibliography is fully formed) so that the source number is correctly indicated.

What does it look like?

So what do inline footnotes look like? Quote: “Once upon a time there lived a grandfather and a woman, they had a chicken, Ryaba.” Option 1: , option 2: . Possible option: or . All of these ways of writing inline links are possible. It all depends on what requirements the department puts forward for their design.

Basic rules for formatting footnotes

It is also worth considering the basic rules for formatting footnotes in coursework.

1. Footnotes are formatted with single spacing (regardless of the spacing of the text in the work itself); the font is often several units smaller.
2. The font of footnotes in coursework will be slightly different if they are inline. So, their size will be exactly the same as the main text. Most often - Times New Roman size 14.
3. Footnotes must include the source number (taken from the list of references); for footnotes, a full description of the source is possible.
4. Footnotes can be briefly or fully described; these two options are equally acceptable when preparing coursework, unless otherwise indicated.

The procedure for documenting the source

When figuring out how to correctly format a footnote in a term paper, you also need to know how to correctly describe the source itself. What needs to be indicated, in what order?

1. Last name and initials of the author. If there are several authors, they are indicated in the same order as written in the source itself.
2. Full name of the source. Volumes and parts are also indicated.
3. If the source is translated from a foreign language, the full name of the translator is indicated through a slash.
4. The following is the city of publication of the source.
5. Publisher's name.
6. Year of publication of the source.
7. Full number of pages.

Example: Novoselovets V.P., Communications in social work / Novoselovets V.P., Udalova M.V. - Petropavlovsk: IKO, 2001. - 116 p.

Content

When creating a text document in Microsoft Word, you may need footnotes. They are used to clarify the meaning of individual words or terms. Footnotes are often used in abstracts, dissertations, as well as scientific articles and reports. To create them, the program has special tools.

How to make a footnote at the bottom of a page in Word

Regular notes are located at the end of the page. They are found in works of fiction to explain the meaning of words unfamiliar to the reader. To create a link to a particular term using the text editor Microsoft Word 2007, 2010, 2013 or 2016, follow the instructions:

• Move the mouse cursor to the place in the text where the note will apply. (Figure 1)

• In Word's top menu, click on the "References" tab and click "Insert Footnote." (Figure 2)

• Enter the text that you want to appear at the bottom of the page. This completes the insertion of the footnote. (Figure 3)

• An alternative option for creating a note is to use the Alt+Ctrl+D button combination. Press these buttons at the same time, and you will see a place in the document where you can insert the text necessary for explanation.

Endnote in Word

This type of note is located at the end of the entire document or its individual sections. It is often found in scientific articles, abstracts, and independent works as a list of references. The difference between such a footnote and the usual version is that it is not page-by-page. Creating an endnote in Word 2007 and later looks like this:

• Place your mouse cursor where you want the footnote to link. Select the “Links” tab located on the ribbon (top menu) of the program. (Figure 4)

• Open advanced formatting options to change the type of element you paste. (Figure 5)

• In the window that opens, select “Endnotes.” There you can change the numbering format (numbers, letters, Roman numerals) and decide on the number of columns. (Figure 6)

• Click on the “Insert” button and add the desired text. (Figure 7)

• To replace all endnotes with normal ones, or vice versa, open advanced formatting options. Select the desired option there and click the “Replace” button, click “OK”. (Figure 8)

How to insert a footnote in Word 2003

In Microsoft Word 2003, notes are inserted differently. They are formatted like this:

• Move the mouse cursor to the desired location, open the “View” menu and, by clicking on the “Link” item, select “Footnote”. (Figure 9)

• In the window that opens, configure the note to be added. There you can change its location (normal or end) and select the optimal format. Then click "Insert". (Figure 10)

• A space for the note appears in the document. Paste the required text there. You can set up a note for the entire document or for individual parts of it.