Presentation "Personal Computer" in computer science - project, report. Presentation on the topic: “Personal computer” The best presentation on the topic personal computer

Slide 1

Slide 2

Input Devices
System unit
Output devices
Exit
Storage devices

Slide 3

System unit
Motherboard
power unit
Memory
In the system unit
located:
Back

Slide 4

Motherboard
RAM connectors
CPU socket
Power connector
Connectors for connecting drives
Back
Further
Expansion slots

Slide 5

The system (motherboard) board is the main component of the computer hardware. The motherboard contains an information exchange line; it has connectors for installing a processor and RAM, as well as slots for installing controllers for external devices (video card, sound card, network card, etc.). The processor is built on the basis of a large integrated circuit, which includes a huge number of elements - diodes, transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc. This complex system is the brain of the computer. The processor processes information presented in binary form and is located on the motherboard. The most important characteristic of a processor that determines its performance is the clock frequency. The clock frequency shows how many simple operations (cycles) the processor performs in 1 second. Another important characteristic of a processor is its bit capacity. The processor bit size determines the number of binary bits that the processor processes per clock cycle in its operation. If, for example, the processor data bus width is 128, this means that the processor processes 128 bits per clock cycle. A bit is the smallest piece of information that can take the values ​​0 or 1.
The processor is installed in a special socket on the motherboard
CPU
Further

Slide 6

The bus (system bus) includes three multi-bit buses: a data bus, an address bus and a control bus, which are multi-wire lines. The processor and RAM, as well as peripheral input, output and information storage devices that exchange information in machine language - sequences of zeros and ones in the form of electrical pulses - are connected to the highway. Only the processor and RAM directly exchange information with each other through the backbone! Data bus. It transfers data between different devices. For example, data read from RAM may be sent to the processor for processing, and then the received data may be sent back to RAM for storage. Thus, data on the data bus can be transferred from device to device in any direction. The data bus width is determined by the processor capacity, that is, the number of binary bits that can be processed or transmitted by the processor simultaneously. Address bus. The choice of device or memory cell to which data is sent or read via the data bus is made by the processor. Each device or RAM cell has its own address.
The address is transmitted along the address bus, and signals are transmitted along it in one direction - from the processor to RAM and to other devices. Therefore, the address bus is unidirectional. The width of the address bus determines the amount of addressable memory - the address space, that is, the number of one-byte RAM cells that can have unique addresses. The number of addressable memory cells can be calculated using the formula: N = 2I, where I is the address bus width. The address bus width in modern personal computers is 36 bits. Thus, the maximum possible number of addressable memory cells: N = 236 = 68,719,476,736. Control bus. The control bus transmits signals that determine the nature of information exchange along the highway. Control signals indicate what operation - reading or writing information from memory - needs to be performed, synchronize the exchange of information between devices, and so on.
Further

Slide 7

Input Devices
Network devices
Data bus 8, 16, 32, 64 bits
Control bus
Persistent memory
Output devices
Backbone-modular principle of computer operation
Address bus 16, 20, 24, 32, 36 bits
Highway
CPU
Temporary memory
Further

Slide 8

Motherboard logic diagram
CPU
PS/2
Keyboard
AGP
Sound card Network card
UDMA
USB
HDD CD-ROM DVD-ROM
Scanner Digital Cameras
COM
LPT
Mouse External modem
Printer
Display
North Bridge
South Bridge
RAM
Highway
PCI local bus
Back

Slide 9

The power supply is used to convert alternating voltage 220v of the lighting network into direct voltages 5v and 12v. A constant voltage of 5V is necessary to power the electronic components of the computer. A constant voltage of 5V is also used to generate an electrical pulse corresponding to the logical signal “1”. The absence of such a pulse corresponds to a logical signal “0”. A voltage of 12V drives the electric motors of the disk drives and cooling fans.
Back

Slide 10

Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Joystick
Input Devices
Back
Digital cameras
Light pen
Scanner

Slide 11

The keyboard is a universal device for entering information into a computer. The keyboard allows you to enter numeric and text information, as well as control the operation of the computer. When you press a key, a certain sequence of electrical impulses (8-bit key code) is sent to the computer. At the physical level, the key field of the keyboard is scanned and the sequence number of the pressed key is read. The keyboard is connected through the controller to the motherboard backbone. A standard keyboard has 101 keys.
Back

Slide 12

The mouse manipulator uses an optical-mechanical operating principle. Its working element is a massive metal ball covered with rubber. When you move the mouse body along a horizontal surface, the ball rotates. The rotation of the ball is transmitted to two rollers located perpendicular to each other. The rollers record information about the movement of the ball along the coordinate plane using photosensitive elements and transmit this information to the computer. Thus, the rotation of the mouse ball turns into movement of the cursor across the monitor screen. The mouse has two or three control buttons. Currently, the optical mouse, which has no mechanical parts, has become widespread. A light source placed inside the mouse illuminates the surface on which it moves. The intensity of light reflected from the surface changes as the mouse moves. The reflected light is detected by the mouse's light detector. Changes in light are translated into cursor movement on the screen.
Back

Slide 13

Hello everyone from SOCHI!
A light pen is used to input graphic information into a computer when drawing or writing. For those who are not very computer friendly, there is finally an alternative way to enter information without using a keyboard: now you can do it the old proven way - using a pen. At first glance, the pen resembles an ordinary ballpoint pen. When a light pen moves across the surface of a graphics tablet, digital barcodes are generated that carry information to the computer about the trace that remains on this surface. A trace of exactly the same shape appears on the display screen. The main characteristic of a light pen is its accuracy of entering graphic information, which can be, for example, +/-0.5, +/-0.25 mm and higher.
Back
Currently, special displays have been created on the surface of which you can directly write with a light pen.

Slide 14

The scanner optically captures images presented in the form of photographs, drawings, slides, text documents and converts them into digital form. The scanned image is illuminated with light of three colors - red, blue, green. The light reflected from the image hits a linear array of photocells, which moves to read the image and convert it into binary code. Now the original image can be written to a graphic file. The resolution of scanners is 600, 1200 dpi and higher. A resolution of 600 dpi means that when one inch of the image passes, 600 dots are scanned (1 inch = 2.54 cm). An important characteristic of a scanner is its color rendering, which can be 36, 42, 48 bits or more.
Back

Slide 15

A digital camera allows you to take photographs directly in digital (computer) format. Such a camera can store hundreds of high-quality images in its memory. After connecting to a computer, the images obtained during shooting are copied to any permanent storage medium (floppy disk, hard drive, laser disk). If necessary, the photo image can be transferred to paper using a printer.
A digital video camera is designed to record moving images in digital format, both in standalone mode and connected to a computer during video shooting. In the second case, the video image is continuously recorded on a hard drive or broadcast over computer networks.
Back

Slide 16

The microphone allows you to input an analog audio signal into your computer. Then the audio information is converted from analogue to digital (computer) format. The microphone is connected to the input of the sound card, which provides 16-bit binary audio encoding. In this case, the sound card is a device for inputting information into the computer. The sound card is installed in one of the expansion slots on the system (motherboard) board.
Back

Slide 17

A joystick is a game controller designed for more convenient control of computer games. As a rule, it is a handle with buttons. The joystick connects to a special game port on the sound card. As a result of the evolution of the joystick, a more complex manipulator arose - a steering wheel with pedals.
Back

Slide 18

Monitor
Printer
Back
Output devices
Video card
Speakers
Projector

Slide 19

Cathode ray tube monitor
LCD monitor
Back
One of the important characteristics of a monitor is the frequency at which one image is displayed on the screen. The screen refresh rate can be 60, 75, 85, 100, 120, 140, 150, 160 Hz, etc. In order for the image to be sufficiently stable, a screen changing frequency of 85 Hz is sufficient. If the image output frequency is, for example, 100 Hz, this means that the picture on the monitor screen changes 100 times in one second. If you set the screen refresh rate to a higher value, its resolution is automatically reduced - the number of pixels horizontally and vertically. The resolution can take, for example, the following values: 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, 1600 x 1200 pixels, etc. As the resolution increases, the clarity of the image increases, as the monitor will be able to draw finer details. The monitor is connected to a video card, which is inserted into one of the expansion slots of the motherboard (system) board. Monitors vary in screen size diagonally - 14, 15, 17, 21 inches, etc. Another important characteristic of a monitor is the so-called grain - the distance between two physical points of the screen, which can be 0.31, 0.28, 0.26, 0.24 mm, etc. The smaller this value, the better the image quality the monitor provides.

Slide 20

Cathode ray tube monitor The image on the screen is created by a beam of electrons emitted by an electron gun. This electron beam (a beam of electrons) is accelerated by high electrical voltage and falls on the inner surface of the screen, coated with a phosphor composition. The phosphor glows when hit by an electron beam. The beam control system forces it to run across the lines of the entire screen and change its intensity, and therefore the brightness of the phosphor. Thus, the beam draws an image on the screen line by line. In a color monitor, color is formed from three main components: red, blue and green. Inside the cathode ray tube are three electron guns that create three beams with different electron flow rates. Very small phosphor dots of three colors are evenly distributed on the screen. A phosphor of a given color reacts to electrons of a certain speed. A color image is formed by mixing three basic colors. When mixing red and green colors, yellow is formed, red and blue - purple, blue and green - cyan. If you mix the three base colors at full brightness, you get white. Combinations of basic colors of varying brightness give many other colors and shades.
Back

Slide 21

Monitor based on a liquid crystal panel The main part of a modern liquid crystal monitor is a TFT panel. Its operation is based on the principle of changing the transparency of liquid crystals under the influence of electric current. Molecules of liquid crystals under the influence of electricity can change their orientation in space and, as a result, change the brightness of the light beam passing through them. To illuminate the panel, a special bright lamp is installed on its reverse side. When the electric field changes, the particles rearrange themselves in a new way, which takes some time. Therefore, when choosing an LCD monitor, such a parameter as the matrix pixel response time is important: the shorter it is, the faster the particles rearrange. Response time can be 10, 20, 30 ms. To create a dot display, a matrix is ​​made of miniature transparent cells filled with liquid crystal. It is placed between two electrodes, one of which is a solid plate, and the other consists of many miniature contacts corresponding to individual cells. In modern monitors, the electrical signal is supplied to individual electrodes through so-called thin film transistors (TFT). A color image is obtained by using three filters that separate three main components from the radiation of a white light source - red, blue, green. The combination of three primary colors for each point or pixel on the screen makes it possible to reproduce any color.
Back

Slide 22

Let's consider image formation using the example of graphics mode with a resolution of 800 x 600 pixels and a color depth of 8 bits. The video memory stores the image bitmap - the binary code of each point that determines its color. In this case, the number of possible colors is 28 = 256. Three rays (red, blue, green) synchronously run across the screen line by line. The intensity of each ray changes as it moves along the line in accordance with the binary code of a given point. Each of the 600 lines displays 800 dots, for a total of 480,000 dots.
The principle of displaying information on a monitor screen is as follows: the computer’s video memory contains an image bitmap (binary code for the color of each point on the screen) and the contents of the video memory are periodically read and displayed on the screen. The reading frequency can, for example, be 85 Hz. The monitor is connected to a video card, which is inserted into one of the expansion slots of the motherboard (system) board. It is on the video card that the video memory chip is located. Modern video cards have video memory of 256 MB or more. An image may consist, for example, of 800 x 600 = 480,000 pixels and be built, for example, on the basis of 232 = 4,294,967,296 colors! They say that the color depth in this case is 32 bits.
Back

Slide 23

laser beam. As a result, positively charged points appear on the drum. Toner (electrographic developer) is then applied to the drum, which is deposited on positively charged areas. The negatively pre-charged paper is pressed against the drum and the toner is attracted to it. The last stage consists of thermal fixation of the powder on paper at a temperature of 200°C. One of the important characteristics of a printer is its resolution, which can be, for example, 600 x 600 dpi and higher.
The printer is designed to print on paper (create a hard copy) numerical, text and graphic information. It connects to the computer via a parallel port. Inkjet printers use a thermal or piezoelectric ink print head that, under pressure, shoots ink from a series of nozzles onto the paper. A laser printer operates on the principle of electrographic printing, borrowed from xerography. The photosensitive drum is irradiated with modulated (changing)
Back

Slide 24

Acoustic speakers and headphones are used to output sound from the computer and are connected to the output of the sound card. Their presence is mandatory for a multimedia computer. The sound card is installed in one of the expansion slots on the system (motherboard) board. Typically, a sound card also has the additional ability to synthesize sound (the sounds of 128 different musical instruments are stored in the sound card's memory) and play 32 or more instruments simultaneously. For this reason, the sound card also has another name - a music card.
Back

Slide 25

A projector allows you to display the contents of your monitor screen on a large screen. Used to demonstrate the operation of programs, presentations, slides, and videos to a large audience. The diagonal size of the image can be 300 inches (7.62 meters) or more. Today, the projector is becoming indispensable in the learning process.
Back

Slide 26

Storage devices
Temporary memory
Back
Persistent memory
Diskette
Laser disc
Winchester
Flash memory
External memory
Inner memory

Slide 27

A floppy disk is a flexible magnetic disk with a diameter of 3.5 inches, placed in a plastic case. The drive rotates the disk at a constant angular speed of 360 revolutions per minute, while the magnetic head is installed on a specific concentric track from which information is written or read. At the physical level, when recording data in binary form, an electrical pulse is applied to the magnetic head coil, creating a surge in the magnetic field - a certain area of ​​the disk is magnetized, which corresponds to “1”, the area that remains unmagnetized will correspond to “0”. When reading information, the magnetized section of the disk, on the contrary, excites an electrical pulse in the coil of the magnetic head, which corresponds to “1”. The main characteristic of a floppy disk is the data transfer speed, which is only 50 KB/s. Before using a floppy disk for the first time, it must be formatted - creating the physical and logical structure of the disk. During the formatting process, concentric tracks are formed on the disk, which, in turn, are divided into sectors; for this, the magnetic head places track and sector marks on the disk.
After formatting the disk, we get: 512 bytes - information volume of the sector 18 - number of sectors on a track 80 - number of tracks on one side 2 - number of sides Calculate the information capacity of the floppy disk: 512 x 18 x 80 x 2 = 1,474,560 bytes = = 1,440 KB = 1.40625 MB
Back

Slide 28

When using a laser disk (CD - compact disc), the optical principle of reading information is used. Information is recorded on one track, which has the shape of a spiral. The track contains alternating sections with different reflectivity - a smooth mirror surface or a depression burned by a laser beam during recording. When reading, a laser beam falls on the surface of a rotating disk. The beam is well reflected from the mirror surface, which corresponds to “1” and is not reflected from the dark recess – “0”. The reflected light pulses are then converted into electrical pulses, which are transmitted to the computer. CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs store information that was recorded during their production by stamping (DVD - digital video disc). Such discs are white and cannot be rewritten (ROM is read only). The information capacity of a CD-ROM disk can reach 800 MB. DVD-ROM discs contain thinner tracks, and there are more tracks - the capacity has increased to 17 GB. The speed of reading information directly depends on the disk rotation speed and can reach 5 MB/s. There are CD-R and DVD-R discs - writeable once (have a yellowish color), as well as CD-RW and DVD-RW discs - rewritable many times (have a dark greenish color).
Back

Slide 29

A hard drive or hard magnetic disk is one or more disks placed on one axis and rotating at a high angular speed (up to 7200 rpm), enclosed in a metal case. In modern hard drives, magnetic heads seem to “fly” at a distance of fractions of a micron (less than the thickness of a human hair) from the surface of the rotating disks. Due to the small distance between the disk and the head, a high recording density is achieved (the number of tracks on each disk can reach several thousand, and the number of sectors per track can reach several dozen). As a result, the information capacity of hard drives can be 20 - 200 GB or more. Due to the high rotation speed, hard drives provide high speeds for writing and reading information, which can reach 133 MB/s for the highest speed hard drives. At the physical level, when recording data in binary form, an electrical pulse is applied to the magnetic head coil, creating a surge in the magnetic field - a certain area of ​​the disk is magnetized, which corresponds to “1”, the area that remains unmagnetized will correspond to “0”. When reading information, the magnetized section of the disk, on the contrary, excites an electrical pulse in the coil of the magnetic head, which corresponds to “1”.
Back

Slide 30

Flash memory allows data to be written and stored on chips. This memory has no moving parts, which ensures high data safety. Another important advantage of Flash memory is its compactness. To write or read information, the memory card is inserted into the universal USB port of the computer. The information capacity of a Flash card can be 128, 256, 512 MB, today the count has gone to GB. This type of memory is capable of replacing traditional storage devices, such as floppy disks, CDs, and, over time, possibly even a hard drive. Flash cards are also successfully used in digital cameras to store video and audio information.
Back

Slide 31

RAM is located inside the system unit on the motherboard. Sometimes this type of memory is called internal or temporary. Structurally, it is made in the form of small boards with memory chips containing many memory cells. The volume of one cell is 1 byte = 23 bits = 8 bits. A bit is the smallest piece of information - it can take the values ​​“0” or “1”. To build one memory cell, eight flip-flops are required, since a flip-flop is capable of storing 1 bit of information. Each memory cell has its own unique binary address. RAM only works while the computer is turned on; it is used to temporarily store data and programs. This memory is small compared to permanent memory, for example, a hard drive, but has enormous speed of writing and reading data. It is this property of temporary memory that helps the processor cope with huge data streams when processing them. Only the processor and RAM directly exchange data with each other via the bus. The frequency of writing or reading information in memory cells can reach 800 MHz. The information capacity of RAM can take the following values ​​- 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 MB, etc.
Memory sticks are inserted into special connectors on the motherboard and directly connected to the backbone

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: Personal computer Teacher Gukova Irina Yurievna * *

2 slide

Slide description:

3 slide

Slide description:

Personal computer is a computer (computer) intended for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy the needs of a large number of people. A modern personal computer can be implemented in various versions - desktop (desktop), portable (notebook), pocket (handheld) and others. Definition

4 slide

Slide description:

Desktop PC version This is a standard configuration of a personal computer, when the main units are separated separately: the system unit; monitor; keyboard; columns; mouse.

5 slide

Slide description:

The main components of a personal computer Monitor Motherboard Processor RAM Expansion cards Power supply Optical drive Hard drive Mouse Keyboard

6 slide

Slide description:

System (motherboard) board The motherboard is a printed circuit board on which the chipset and other components of the computer system are mounted. A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard. The chipset consists of 2 main chips: MCH - memory controller-hub - Northbridge - ensures interaction between the CPU and the memory and video adapter. ICH - input/output controller - Southbridge - provides interaction between the CPU and the hard drive, PCI, USB slots, etc.

7 slide

Slide description:

Motherboard The name comes from the English motherboard. On the motherboard, in addition to the chipset, there are connectors for connecting a central processor, graphics card, sound card, hard drives, RAM and other connectors. All the main electronic circuits of the computer and the necessary additional devices are included in the motherboard, or connected to it using expansion slots. The most famous motherboard manufacturers on the Russian market are Asus, Gigabyte, Intel, Elitegroup, MSI. Among Russian motherboard manufacturers, we can mention the Formosa company, which produced boards using components from Lucky Star and Albatron.

8 slide

Slide description:

Central processing unit Central processing unit (CPU) or central processing unit (CPU) is a machine instruction processor, a part of computer hardware responsible for performing the bulk of information processing work. Most modern processors implement the cyclic sequential processing process invented by John von Neumann.

Slide 9

Slide description:

Random access memory Random access memory (RAM - random access memory) is memory designed for temporary storage of data and commands necessary for the processor to perform operations. RAM transmits commands and data to the processor directly or through cache memory. Each RAM cell has its own individual address.

10 slide

Slide description:

Modern RAM is a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The concept of random access memory assumes that the process of accessing data does not take into account the order in which it is located. A memory cell is a part of a computer storage device for storing 1 computer word (number) or part of it (for example, 1 byte). The total number of memory cells of all storage devices determines the computer's memory capacity. RAM

11 slide

Slide description:

Hard drive A hard disk drive, hard drive, HDD or hard drive (English Hard Disk Drive) is a non-volatile, rewritable computer storage device. It is the main data storage device in almost all modern computers. Information in HDD is recorded on hard (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material. In operating mode, the read heads do not touch the surface of the plates, but “hover” above them. The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (5-10 nm in modern disks), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device.

12 slide

Slide description:

The name “Winchester” In 1973, IBM released the hard drive model 3340, which for the first time combined disk platters and read heads in one integral housing. When developing it, engineers used the short internal name “30-30”, which meant two modules (in the maximum configuration) of 30 MB each. Kenneth Houghton, the project manager, in consonance with the designation of the popular hunting rifle “Winchester 30-30”, proposed calling this disc a “Winchester”.

Slide 13

Slide description:

Power supply The computer power supply is designed to supply computer components with electrical energy. Its task is to convert the mains voltage to specified values, stabilize them and protect them from minor interference in the supply voltage. The main parameter of a computer power supply is the maximum power consumed from the network. A computer power supply for today's PC platform provides output voltages of ±5, ±12, +3.3 V. The following power supply standards exist: AT - the power switch is located in the power circuit and is usually located on the front panel of the case. As a result, automatic turning on and off of the computer is impossible. ATX – voltage is constantly supplied to the motherboard. Supports power control based on a signal from a board that has a software interface for this.

Slide 14

Slide description:

Optical drive An optical drive is an electrical device for reading and possibly writing information from optical media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM). Today, most optical drives are available with an IDE/ATAPI interface. External CD-ROM drives are usually made with a USB interface.

15 slide

Slide description:

Monitor Monitor, display - interface of the “person - equipment - person” system. Converts digital and (or) analog information into video images.

16 slide

Slide description:

Classification of monitors By color: color; monochrome. According to the type of information displayed, alphanumeric – displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information; graphic: vector, raster The structure of the CRT is based on a cathode ray tube (English CRT - cathode ray tube); LCD - liquid crystal display (LCD - liquid crystal display); Plasma - based on a plasma panel; Projection - a video projector and screen placed separately or combined in one housing (optionally through a mirror or a system of mirrors).

Slide 17

Slide description:

Keyboard A keyboard is a device that is a set of buttons (keys) designed to control a device or to enter information. This is one of the main devices for entering information into a computer. The keyboard has several groups of keys: Alphanumeric and character keys; Special keys; Function keys; Keys for cursor control; Service keys for changing registers and modifying codes of other keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift); Service keys for register fixation; Auxiliary keys. The total number of keyboard keys is 104, however, the number of different signals from the keyboard significantly exceeds this number.

Subject: Computer Science and ICT

Class: 7

Topic: Personal computer

Planned educational results:

- subject- knowledge of the main devices of a personal computer and their current characteristics;

- meta-subject- understanding the purpose of the main devices of a personal computer;

- personal- understanding the role of computers in the life of modern people; the ability to connect knowledge about the basic capabilities of a computer with one’s own life experiences.

Solvable educational tasks:

1) systematization of students’ knowledge about the basic devices of a personal computer;

2) consideration of the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of personal computer devices (as of the current period of time);

3) development of ideas about the computer as a tool for accessing the Internet; formation of general ideas about computer networks, introduction to the concept of data transfer speed.

Basic concepts studied in the lesson:

Personal Computer;

System unit: motherboard; CPU; RAM; HDD;

External devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, speakers;

Computer network;

Server, client.

ICT tools used in the lesson:

Teacher’s personal computer (PC), multimedia projector, screen;

Students' PCs.

Electronic educational resources

Presentation “Personal Computer”;

Resources of federal educational portals:

1) animation “PC system unit”;

2) animation “System unit (rear view)”;

3) animation “Component of a system unit”;

4) animation “Mechanical Mouse”;

5) animation “Optical-mechanical mouse”;

6) animation “Optical mouse”;

7) animation “Modern optical mouse”;

8) animation “Display types”;

9) animation “Open Computer Architecture”;

10) simulator “Computer structure”.

Features of presenting the content of the lesson topic

1. Organizational moment (1 minute)

Greeting students, communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson.

2. Repetition (6 minutes)

1) visual check of homework completion No. 13, 14, p. 62 of the textbook;

2) consideration of tasks that caused difficulties in completing homework;

3) answers to questions:

Why is a modern computer called a universal electronic program-controlled device?

What is the essence of the software principle of a computer?

What is binary data?

What is a computer program?

How is data different from a program? What do they have in common?

List the main types of devices included in a computer?

Name the types of computers. Which one is the most common? (Personal Computer)

3. Learning new material (25 minutes)

Today we will talk about a personal computer. Let's consider the devices included in its composition.

1 slide - topic of the lesson

What do you think is a personal computer? (Student answers)

2 slide — Definition - Personal computer.

- All devices included in the PC can be divided into 2 groups: 1) devices included in the system unit; 2) external devices.

3 slide - scheme.

4 slide - The main part of a personal computer is the system unit.

5 - 13 slide - System unit devices

Animation “PC system unit”,

Animation “System unit (rear view)”,

Animation “Component of a system unit.”

External devices;

All computer devices that are not part of the system unit are called external.

Slide 14 - keyboard;

The keyboard is a device for entering information into a computer.

A standard keyboard has 104 keys, which can be divided into several groups.

Function keys F1-F12, located at the top of the keyboard, are designed to perform a number of commands when working with certain programs.

Character(alphanumeric) keys - keys with numbers, Russian and Latin letters and other symbols, as well as the space bar; used to enter information into a computer.

Cursor keys— a dash marking on the monitor screen where the next character is to be entered. These include four arrow keys, which move the cursor one position in a given direction, as well as the Home, End, PageUp, PageDown keys, which move the cursor to the beginning of the line, the end of the line, page up, and page down, respectively.

Additional keys, located on the right side of the keyboard, can operate in two modes, switchable with the NumLock key.

Special keys ( Enter, Esc, Shift, Delete, Backspace, Insertetc.) are keys for special actions; they are dispersed throughout the keyboard.

15 slide - mouse;

The mouse is one of the main pointing input devices that ensures user interaction with the computer.

View and discuss animations:

Animation “Mechanical Mouse”,

Animation “Optical-mechanical mouse”,

Animation “Optical Mouse”,

Animation “Modern optical mouse”.

16 slide — monitor;

A monitor is the main device of a personal computer designed to display information.

View and discuss the animation “Display Types”.

Slide 17 - Printer;

Printers are designed to output information onto paper.

18 slide — A scanner is used to enter all kinds of graphic images and texts into the computer directly from a paper original.

19 slide - Sound information is input to the computer through a microphone connected to the sound card.

20 slide — To output audio information, use speakers or headphones that are connected to the sound card.

21 slides — The system unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor form the minimum set of devices that ensure operation

22 slide - computer networks;

Slide 23 — Computers connected to the network can be divided into two categories: servers and clients.

24 slide — data transfer rate;

The main characteristic of connecting a computer to the Internet is the speed of data transfer over the existing communication channel. It is measured in bits per second (bps), as well as Kbps (1 Kbps = 1024 bits), Mbps and Gbps.

25 slide — Task:

The data transfer rate over a certain communication channel is 1,024,000 bps. The data transfer through this connection took 5 seconds. Determine the information size of the file in kilobytes.

Solution.

We find the information volume of data as the product of the data transfer rate and the transfer time:

1,024,000 bps x 5 s = 5,120,000 bits.

Let's convert the result into bytes and kilobytes:

5,120,000 bits = 640,000 bytes = 625 KB.

Answer: 625 KB

4. Practical part (10 minutes)

To consolidate the information received, tasks are performed using the “Computer Design” simulator program.

If time allows, complete tasks in workbook No. 86, 87, 88, 89.

5. Summing up the lesson. (3 minutes)

Homework message. Grading

26 slide - Homework.

§2.2, questions and tasks 1-4 to the paragraph,

RT: No. 77, 79, 82, 90.

Additional tasks: prepare a message on the topic “History of the mouse” or “The principle of the keyboard” using animations; No. 78 or No. 80 in RT.

/data/files/g1511338998.pptx (Personal computer)

What is a computer?

Computer (eng. computer - calculator) is a programmable electronic computing device for data processing, transmission and storage of information. That is, a computer is a complex of software-controlled electronic devices. 2

The term "computer" (or "personal computer") is synonymous with the abbreviation "computer" (electronic computer) or "PC" (personal computer). 3

First of all, a computer, according to von Neumann's principles, must have the following devices: An arithmetic-logical unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations; Control device (CU), which organizes the process of program execution; A storage device (memory), or memory for storing programs and data; External devices for input/output of information. 6

Principles of John von Neumann: The principle of program control (a program consists of a set of commands that are executed by the processor one after another in a certain sequence); The principle of memory homogeneity (programs and data are stored in the same memory); The principle of addressing (the main memory consists of numbered cells, and any cell is available to the processor at any time). 7

Typically, a computer is designed based on the principle of open architecture: Description of the operating principle of a PC and its configuration, which allows you to assemble a PC from individual components and parts; The presence of internal expansion slots in the PC into which the user can insert various devices that meet a given standard. 8

MAIN PC CHARACTERISTICS PC performance (speed). Processor performance (speed). Processor clock speed (clock frequency). Processor capacity. Access time. Memory size. Recording density. Speed ​​of information exchange. 9

Use of computers For calculations. Creation of databases. Control of all kinds of devices. The computer has become the main information tool for modeling complex physical and biological processes. Artificial intelligence. 10

Sources and additional information: K. Aiden, H. Fiebelman, M. Kramer. PC Hardware / Transl. with him. - St. Petersburg: BHV - St. Petersburg, 1997. - 544 p.; ru.wikipedia.org - article “Computer” on Wikipedia; informatika.sch880.ru - article “What is a computer?”; compdaili.net - article “What is a computer?”; seun.ru - classical computer architecture. Additional information: slovari.yandex.ru - article “Computer”; slovopedia.com - article “Computer hardware” in Collier’s encyclopedia; leningrad.su/museum - collection-museum of domestic computers with photographs; computer-encyclopedia.ru - classification of computers; computer-museum.ru - virtual computer museum. eleven

Thank you for your attention. The presentation was prepared by the teacher of the Baimak Agricultural College, Musina Zh.M.